Gastropoda |
Littorinimorpha |
Strombidae
环境：氛围 / 气候带 / 深度上下限 / 分布范围
生态学
Benthic; 深度上下限 2 - 73 m (参考文献 83934), usually ? - 30 m (参考文献 97646). Tropical; 33°N - 2°S, 97°W - 45°W
Western Atlantic: South Carolina to Brazil.
首次成熟时的长度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
成熟度: Lm ?, range 2 - ? cm Max length : 30.0 cm SHL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (参考文献 105315); 最大体重: 3.3 kg (参考文献 105296); 最大年龄: 30 年 (参考文献 126618)
Shell large, with relatively large spire, flared outer lip with posterior expansion projecting well beyond spire length. Spire taller than other species in genus. Sculpture of sharp knobs along shoulder. Colour: pale tan with thin brown periostracum. Internal shell colour deep pink.
The fisheries have grown exponentially in the last 30 years, with resulting declines in population and area closures. The species has been included on appendix 2 of CITES (Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species). International trade is allowed only from nations in which the populations of the species are not under threat from commercial fishing (Ref. 355). Maximum weight from Ref. 97674 cited in Ref. 105296. This species is found intertidal and offshore, on coral reefs, particularly on algae, coral sand, and seagrass habitats (Refs. 355, 83934). Adults prefer sandy algal flats; also found on gravel, coral rubble, smooth hard coral and beach rock bottoms. Rarely on soft bottoms of mud and/or silt. Benthic grazer. Feeds on diatoms, seagrass detritus, and various algae and epiphytes. Nocturnal (Refs. 105087, 127891) (Ref. 355).
生命周期和交配行为
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Copulation may precede spawning. Spawning occurs on a type of calcareous sand formed from the fragmentation of coral reefs, including large quantities of calcareous skeletal remains from small molluscs and calcareous algae. Females deposit the egg mass on the substrate (Ref. 105320). Life cycle: Eggs hatch into veligers after 3-5 days which feed on phytoplankton; after 21 days they undergo metamorphosis (juvenile stage) where they remain buried in the sand and emerge in seagrass beds to feed; adults return to the shallow inshore waters to spawn.
主要参考文献
参考文献 | 合作者 | 合作者
Leal, J.H. 2003 Gastropods. p. 99-147. In Carpenter, K.E. (ed.). The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, and chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. 1600p. (参考文献 355)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书
(参考文献 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
临近濒危 (NT) (A2ab); Date assessed: 02 June 2025
Not Evaluated
对人类的威胁
人类利用
渔业: 高经济性
| FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | 周边海洋
工具
网络资源
基于模型的估算
首选温度
(Ref.
115969): 25.3 - 28, mean 27 (based on 146 cells).
回复力
中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.25-0.71; tm=3-4; tmax=30).
Prior r = 0.97, 95% CL = 0.64 - 1.45, Based on 4 data-limited stock assessments.
渔业脆弱性
Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Nutrients : Calcium = 126 [75, 177] mg/100g; Iron = 4.79 [1.67, 7.92] mg/100g; Protein = 15.9 [14.8, 16.9] %; Omega3 = 0.331 [0.263, 0.400] g/100g; Selenium = 57.8 [48.5, 67.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.97 [0.92, 3.02] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
