Gastropoda |
Littorinimorpha |
Strombidae
環境： 環境 / 氣候帶 / 深度上下限 / 配送範圍
生態學
Benthic; 深度上下限 2 - 73 m (參考文獻 83934), usually ? - 30 m (參考文獻 97646). Tropical; 33°N - 2°S, 97°W - 45°W
Western Atlantic: South Carolina to Brazil.
初熟時的長度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm ?, range 2 - ? cm Max length : 30.0 cm SHL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (參考文獻 105315); 最大體重: 3.3 kg (參考文獻 105296); 最大年齡: 30 年 (參考文獻 126618)
Shell large, with relatively large spire, flared outer lip with posterior expansion projecting well beyond spire length. Spire taller than other species in genus. Sculpture of sharp knobs along shoulder. Colour: pale tan with thin brown periostracum. Internal shell colour deep pink.
The fisheries have grown exponentially in the last 30 years, with resulting declines in population and area closures. The species has been included on appendix 2 of CITES (Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species). International trade is allowed only from nations in which the populations of the species are not under threat from commercial fishing (Ref. 355). Maximum weight from Ref. 97674 cited in Ref. 105296. This species is found intertidal and offshore, on coral reefs, particularly on algae, coral sand, and seagrass habitats (Refs. 355, 83934). Adults prefer sandy algal flats; also found on gravel, coral rubble, smooth hard coral and beach rock bottoms. Rarely on soft bottoms of mud and/or silt. Benthic grazer. Feeds on diatoms, seagrass detritus, and various algae and epiphytes. Nocturnal (Refs. 105087, 127891) (Ref. 355).
生命週期和交配行為
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Copulation may precede spawning. Spawning occurs on a type of calcareous sand formed from the fragmentation of coral reefs, including large quantities of calcareous skeletal remains from small molluscs and calcareous algae. Females deposit the egg mass on the substrate (Ref. 105320). Life cycle: Eggs hatch into veligers after 3-5 days which feed on phytoplankton; after 21 days they undergo metamorphosis (juvenile stage) where they remain buried in the sand and emerge in seagrass beds to feed; adults return to the shallow inshore waters to spawn.
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Leal, J.H. 2003 Gastropods. p. 99-147. In Carpenter, K.E. (ed.). The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, and chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. 1600p. (參考文獻 355)
IUCN 瀕危狀態
(參考文獻 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
近危 (NT) (A2ab); Date assessed: 02 June 2025
CITES狀態 (參考文獻 108899)
Not Evaluated
對人類具威脅
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性
| FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | 周邊海洋
工具
網路資源
基於模型的估計
首選溫度
(Ref.
115969): 25.3 - 28, mean 27 (based on 146 cells).
回復力
中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.25-0.71; tm=3-4; tmax=30).
Prior r = 0.97, 95% CL = 0.64 - 1.45, Based on 4 data-limited stock assessments.
釣魚的脆弱性
Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Nutrients : Calcium = 126 [75, 177] mg/100g; Iron = 4.79 [1.67, 7.92] mg/100g; Protein = 15.9 [14.8, 16.9] %; Omega3 = 0.331 [0.263, 0.400] g/100g; Selenium = 57.8 [48.5, 67.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.97 [0.92, 3.02] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
