Aves |
Sphenisciformes |
Spheniscidae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Others. Polar
Indo-Pacific, Atlantic Ocean and the Antarctic. Subtropical to polar.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm Max length : 55.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 91362); common length : 55.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 8812); max. published weight: 2.8 kg (Ref. 356)
Culmen: 4.255 cm; tarsus: 1.94 cm.
This species is gregarious, noisy and quarrelsome, and it is known to breed in huge colonies on steep cliffs (Ref. 91362). Pursuit diving (Ref. 356).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Cherel, Y., C.-A. Bost, C. Guinet and H. Weimerskirch 2005 Feeding habits of seabirds and marine mammals of the Kerguelen Archipelago. pp. 31-36 In Palomares, M.L.D., Pruvost, P., Pitcher, T.J., Pauly, D. (eds.) Modeling Antarctic marine ecosystems. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 13(7). Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. (Ref. 89128)
IUCN Red List Status
(Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
CITES status (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
| FishSource |
Tools
More information
Population dynamicsGrowthMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionAbundance Life cycleReproduction
Maturity
Fecundity
Spawning
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
PhysiologyOxygen consumption
Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Resilience
High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=5.93).
Fishing Vulnerability
Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
Price category
Unknown.
