Bivalvia | 
Cardiida | 
Cardiidae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Benthic; depth range 0 - 20 m (Ref. 348), usually 0 - 15 m (Ref. 75831).  Tropical; 23°C - 30°C (Ref. 102835); 19°N -   34°S, 100°E -   174°W (Ref. 106696)			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Indo-West Pacific.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 60.0 cm SHL male/unsexed; (Ref. 348); common length : 50.0 cm SHL male/unsexed; (Ref. 348)			
			
			
							
				
				
					
						It is characterized by a low primary and radial sculpture, variable shape, massive umbonal area and smooth white shell.					
				
				
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Locally exploited for meat and shell.  This species was previously quite abundant, but has been over collected in many areas.  Aquaculture attempts being made (Ref. 348). Found in intertidal areas on corals (Ref. 75831), mainly on reef flats, barrier reefs, fore reefs and atoll lagoons (Ref. 117184).  Common in shallow waters wherein juveniles are byssally attached to the tops and sides of coral outcrops.  Adults are thought to detach their byssus and settle in clear ocean conditions at 20 m depth  (Ref. 101207).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
					Life cycle:  Embryos develop into free-swimming trocophore larvae, succeeded by the bivalve veliger, resembling a miniature clam (Ref. 833).				
			
			
			
			
			
				SAUP Database 2006 SAUP Database. www.seaaroundus.org. (Ref. 356)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
				Fisheries: commercial			
			
			
				FAO - Aquaculture: production;  | FishSource | Sea Around Us			
			
			
			
			
			
Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 Trophic EcologyFood items (preys)
Diet composition
Food consumption
Predators
  PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 24.7 - 29.3, mean 28.6 (based on 2248 cells).			
 
			
			
			
							
					Resilience  				
				
				
					Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (K=0.11-0.11; tm=4).				
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						High vulnerability (57 of 100).					
				
						
						
			
									
						Price category  					
					
					Unknown.