Aves | 
Pelecaniformes | 
Sulidae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Others.  Subtropical			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Indo-Pacific and Southwest Atlantic.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 84.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 84934); max. published weight: 2.3 kg (Ref. 356)			
			
			
							
				
				
					
						Culmen: 8.9 cm; wing: 46.3 cm.					
				
				
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Plunging; continental shelf (Ref. 356).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
				Cheeseman, T.F. 1890 On the birds of the Kermadec Islands. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 23:216-226. (Ref. 89299)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
							
			
			
				 | FishSource | 			
			
			
			
			
			
Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 Population dynamicsGrowthMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionAbundance   Life cycleReproduction
Maturity
Fecundity
Spawning
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
  PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 13.9 - 24.2, mean 16.8 (based on 254 cells).			
 
			
			
			
							
					Resilience  				
				
				
					High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=10.21-22.1).				
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100).					
				
						
						
			
									
						Price category  					
					
					Unknown.