Aves | 
Charadriiformes | 
Laridae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Others; freshwater; brackish.  Tropical			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean.  Tropical to polar.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 70.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 94965); max. published weight: 1.0 kg (Ref. 356)			
			
			
							
				
				
					
						Culmen: 5.76 cm; wing: 42.3 cm.					
				
				
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Total Length:  61 to 68 cm; Wingspan:  132 to 137 cm (Ref. 8812). Occupies the continental shelf; <300 km (Ref. 356).  Ground nesting species.  Nests on grassy areas or slopes.  When spotting threat, adults give out alarm calls to warn chicks who respond by moving to a nearby hiding place (Ref. 87784).  Displays dipping and  surface-plunging behavior (Ref. 356).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
					Laying of third egg which is variably smaller than the first two eggs in the same clutch is correlated to the facilitation of brood reduction (when beneficial) and sex-biased investment decisions, i.e., hormonally-mediated female reproductive recrudescence (Ref. 95045).				
			
			
			
			
			
				SAUP Database 2006 SAUP Database. www.seaaroundus.org. (Ref. 356)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
							
			
			
				 | FishSource | 			
			
			
			
			
			
Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 1.4 - 10.5, mean 5.3 (based on 433 cells).			
 
			
			
			
							
					Resilience  				
				
				
					High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=16.65).				
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Moderate to high vulnerability (48 of 100).					
				
						
						
			
									
						Price category  					
					
					Unknown.