Aves | 
Charadriiformes | 
Alcidae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Others; depth range 0 - 120 m (Ref. 62202).  Polar; 82°N -   27°N, 80°W -   43°E (Ref. 124582)			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Northwest Atlantic, Eastern Atlantic and the Arctic:  Polar  to temperate.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 45.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 8812); max. published weight: 719.00 g (Ref. 356)			
			
			
							
				
				
					
						Culmen: 3.45 cm; tarsus: 2.963 cm; wing: 21.13 cm.					
				
				
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Total Length:  40 to 45 cm; Wingspan:  63 to 66 cm (Ref. 8812). Found along coasts; <15 km (Ref. 356).  In the North Sea off the east coast of Scotland and northern England, this species primarily forage inshore and feed on the sandeel, Ammodytes marinus (Ref. 95711).  Known to be pursuit divers (Ref. 356). They surface-feed by scooping prey from the water and also able to exploit the water column by diving; carrying prey in their bills back to their colony.  In nesting colonies, breeding pairs share  incubation and chick-rearing duties.  Adults feed their chicks with regurgitated food (Ref. 95711).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
					Breeds from northern Europe east to Russia, Iceland, Greenland, and coastal North America from Baffin Island south to the Maritime Provinces and Maine.  Winters from Greenland south even to South Carolina, and in Europe to the Mediterranean.  Eggs are laid from early June to early August (Ref. 87872).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Camphuysen, C.J.K. 1998 Razorbills Alca torda in Dutch waters. Limosa 71(2):69-77. (Ref. 7319)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
							
			
			
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Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 Population dynamicsGrowthMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionAbundance   PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 2.3 - 12.7, mean 8.1 (based on 1259 cells).			
 
			
			
			
							
					Resilience  				
				
				
					High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=20.71-50.32).				
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).					
				
						
						
			
									
						Price category  					
					
					Unknown.