Aves | 
Procellariiformes | 
Diomedeidae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / تغييرات عمق / distribution range				
				
					بوم شناسي				
				
			
			
				.  Temperate			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Indo-Pacific, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and the Antarctic.  Subtropical to polar.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / سن
			
			
				بلوغ: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 135 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (مرجع 8812); common length : 107 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (مرجع 8812); بيشينه وزن گزارش شده: 8.8 kg (مرجع 356)			
			
			
							
				
				
					
						Culmen: 16.55 cm; tarsus: 15.14 cm; wing: 68.27 cm.					
				
				
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Total Length:  107 to 135 cm (Ref. 8812); with the largest wingspan of any living bird (Ref. 82700).  Total annual breeding population is 14,000 pairs or about 100,000 birds.  They are known to breed bienially (Ref. 84934).  Macquarie population endangered; Australian Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (Ref. 8812).  Increase in mortality is caused by drowning on long-lines (Ref. 84934). Oceanic; predominantly offshore over waters >1000m depth (Ref. 89480).  Breeds in loose colonies  on grassy headlands and plateaux of oceanic islands.  Follows ships (Ref. 91362).  Feeds by scavenging and surface seizing (Ref. 89480).  They have highly acidic stomachs (<2) pH that allows rapid digestion (Ref. 104317).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
				مآخذ اصلی  				
					مراجع | هماهنگ كننده | همكاران
				
			
			
				Lepage, D. 2007 Avibase -the World Bird Database. http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp [accessed 09/07/2007]. (مرجع 7816)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN    
						 (مرجع 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				وضعيت از نظر سايتس   (مرجع 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				خطر برای انسان ها  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				استفاده انسانی  
			
			
							
			
			
				 | FishSource | 			
			
			
			
			
			
ابزارها
			
			
			
			
				
					اطلاعات بيشتر				
				
					 Population dynamicsرشدMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.نوسانات طولیMass conversionفراواني   Life cycleتولید مثل
بلوغ
Fecundity
تخم ریزی
Eggs
نمو  تخم
Larvae
  PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				منابع اينترنتي
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 0.5 - 12, mean 4.6 (based on 1528 cells).			
 
			
			
			
							
					جهندگی  				
				
				
					زياد, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت ، كمتر از 15 ماه (K=3.38-8.82).				
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Very high vulnerability (81 of 100).					
				
						
						
			
									
						طبقه قيمت  					
					
					Unknown.