Aves | 
Sphenisciformes | 
Spheniscidae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / djupintervall / distribution range				
				
					Ekologi				
				
			
			
				.  Polar			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Indo-Pacific, Atlantic Ocean and the Antarctic.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Könsmognad: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 68.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 8812); publicerad maxvikt: 4.4 kg (Ref. 356)			
			
			
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Total population is 6,500,000 pairs.  It was observed to increase in numbers and extend it geographical range due to increase in food availability (Ref. 84934). This is a gregarious, bold and aggressive species (Ref. 91362).  Pursuit diving (Ref. 356).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
				Harrison, P. 1987 Seabirds of the world: a photographic guide. Christopher Helm, Hong Kong, 317p. (Ref. 91362)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
							
			
			
				 | FishSource | 			
			
			
			
			
			
Verktyg
			
			
			
			
				
					Ytterligare information				
				
					 Population dynamicsTillväxtMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionAbundans   Life cycleReproduktion
Könsmognad
Fecundity
Lek
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
  PhysiologySyreförbrukning
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet-källor
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
							
			
			
			
							
					Resiliens  				
				
				
					Hög, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid mindre än 15 månader (K=1.27-3.31).				
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100).					
				
						
						
			
									
						Price category  					
					
					Unknown.