Mammalia | 
Carnivora | 
Phocidae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Bathydemersal.  Subtropical; 90°N -   0°S, 126°E -   115°W			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Pacific Ocean and the Arctic:  Eastern side of Ostrov Sakhalin to northern Hokkaido.  Subtropical to polar.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 170 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 1394); 160 cm TL (female); max. published weight: 123.0 kg (Ref. 1394)			
			
			
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Inhabit the southern edges of the pack ice from winter to early summer and coastal areas including river mouths, in late summer and autumn.  Diet composition varies with the age of the seal; Newly weaned pups feed on small crustaceans, advance to schooling fishes, larger crustaceans, and octopuses, and finally graduate to bottom dwelling fish and cephalopods (Ref. 1394). Inhabits the southern edges of the pack ice from winter to early summer and coastal areas including river mouths, in late summer and autumn.  Diet composition varies with the age of the seal; newly weaned pups feed on small crustaceans, advance to schooling fishes, larger crustaceans, and octopuses, and finally graduate to bottom dwelling fish and cephalopods (Ref. 1394).  Those in their first year tend to eat mostly small crustaceans, algae, sticks and debris; 1 to 4 year olds mostly eat fishes, larger shrimps, and octopus, occasionally; 5 year olds consumed more benthic invertebrates like crabs and octopus (Ref. 119414).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
				Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber 1993 FAO species Identification Guide: Marine Mammals of the World. Rome, FAO. 320 p. + 587 figures. (Ref. 1394)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
				Fisheries: commercial			
			
			
				FAO - Fisheries: landings, species profile | FishSource | Sea Around Us			
			
			
			
			
			
Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 Life cycleReproduction
Maturity
Fecundity
Spawning
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
  PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): -0.6 - 5.6, mean 2.2 (based on 1984 cells).			
 
			
			
			
							
					Resilience  				
				
				
					Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.16-0.44).				
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						High to very high vulnerability (72 of 100).					
				
						
						
			
									
						Price category  					
					
					Unknown.