Cephalopoda | 
Spirulida | 
Spirulidae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / пределы глубины / distribution range				
				
					экология				
				
			
			
				пелагический;  пределы глубины 100 - 1750 m (ссылка 1695).  Tropical;  ? - 10°C (ссылка 1695); 69°N -   32°S, 89°W -   160°W			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical oceanic waters.  Tropical to polar.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Возраст
			
			
				половая зрелость: Lm ?, range 30 - ? cm Max length : 4.5 cm ML самец/пол неопределен; (ссылка 1695)			
			
			
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Minimum depth from Ref. 106682.  Rarely exceeds 4.5 cm ML (Ref. 1695). Migrates from 550 to 1000 meters during the day, and 100 to 300 meters at night (Ref. 106682).  Young is captured at depths 1,000 to 1,750 m, which suggests that females lay eggs on bottom of continental slopes (Ref. 1695).  Dead shells washed up on the beaches often in large numbers (Ref. 88739).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					половая зрелость | размножение | нерест | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
					Members of the class Cephalopoda are gonochoric.  Male and female adults usually die shortly after spawning and brooding, respectively.  Mating behavior:  Males perform various displays to attract potential females for copulation.  During copulation, male grasp the female and inserts the hectocotylus into the female's mantle cavity where fertilization usually occurs.  Life cycle:  Embryos hatch into planktonic stage and live for some time before they grow larger and take up a benthic existence as adults.				
			
			
			
			
				Основная ссылка  				
					ссылки | координатор | соавторы
				
			
			
				Jereb, P. and C.F.E. Roper (eds.) 2005 Cephalopods of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated catalogue of Cephalopod species known to date. Vol. 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Spec. Cat. Fish. Purp. 4(1):262p. Rome: FAO. (ссылка 1695)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						Статус Красного Списка МСОП    
						 (ссылка 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				Статус СИТЕС   (ссылка 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				CMS (ссылка 116361)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Угроза для людей  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Использование человеком  
			
			
							
			
			
				 | FishSource | 			
			
			
			
			
			
инструменты
			
			
			
			
				
					дополнительная информация				
				
					 Population dynamicsростMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Размерный составMass conversionчисленность   Life cycleразмножениеполовая зрелостьFecundityнерестEggsРазвитие икрыLarvae   PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				ресурсы в Интернет
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 4.7 - 11.6, mean 7.1 (based on 951 cells).			
 
			
			
			
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Low vulnerability (10 of 100).					
				
						
						
			
									
						Категория цены  					
					
					Unknown.