Ascidiacea | 
Stolidobranchia | 
Pyuridae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / djupintervall / distribution range				
				
					Ekologi				
				
			
			
				;  djupintervall 0 - 15 m (Ref. 113256).  Tropical, preferred 17°C (Ref. 107945)			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Eastern Atlantic, Indo-West Pacific, and the Antarctic:  Equatorial west coasts of South America and west and southeast Africa.  tropical to temperate.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Könsmognad: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 40.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 101433)			
			
			
						
			
			
			
			
				
					This is the largest African pyurid, some specimens are larger than 10 cm across (Ref. 2673). Benthic, marine; aggregations on sediment free rocky substrate; solitary on sandy substrate (Ref. 1134).  It forms aggregates or mats in rocky intertidal environments (Ref. 3464).  Also found in pier piles and reefs.  Feeds on plankton or particles (Ref. 101296).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
					Members of the class Ascidiacea are hermaphroditic; both cross- and self-fertilization is typical.  Life cycle:  Eggs develop into lecithotrophic larva before metamorphosing into benthic adults.				
			
			
			
			
			
				Kott, P. 2005 Catalogue of Tunicata in Australian Waters. Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia Department of the Environment and Heritage. (Ref. 1134)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
				Fiskeri: kommersiell			
			
			
				FAO - Vattenbruk: production; fiskeri: landings | FishSource | Sea Around Us			
			
			
			
			
			
Verktyg
			
			
			
			
				
					Ytterligare information				
				
					 Population dynamicsTillväxt
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Abundans
  PhysiologySyreförbrukning
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet-källor
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 11.9 - 27.3, mean 21.2 (based on 1415 cells).			
 
			
			
			
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).					
				
						
							
					
						Climate Vulnerability  					
					
					High vulnerability (65 of 100).				
						
			
									
						Price category  					
					
					Unknown.			
			
			
				Nutrients  :  Calcium = 126 [75, 177]  mg/100g; Iron = 4.79 [1.67, 7.92]  mg/100g; Protein = 16.6 [15.4, 17.8] %; Omega3 = 0.331 [0.263, 0.400]  g/100g; Selenium = 57.8 [48.5, 67.2]  μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.97 [0.92, 3.02]  mg/100g (wet weight); based on 
nutrient studies.