Gastropoda | 
Lepetellida | 
Haliotidae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Benthic; depth range 0 - 200 m (Ref. 2754).  Subtropical, preferred 19°C (Ref. 107945); 50°N -   9°N, 32°W -   36°E (Ref. 99669)			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean:  North to the Channel Islands, south to Guinea, including Azores, Canary and Cape Verde Islands, and east to the Mediterranean. Introduced in Ireland and Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea in Israel.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm 4.9, range 4 -  5.4 cm Max length : 12.3 cm SHL male/unsexed; (Ref. 99669); common length : 8.0 cm SHL male/unsexed; (Ref. 438); max. reported age: 15 years (Ref. 99669)			
			
			
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Collected from the sublittoral zone, from low tide up to a depth of 200 m (Ref. 2754). Offshore (Ref. 438).  Collected from the supralittoral and mediolittoral or intertidal zones (Ref. 2754).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
					Gonochoric; broadcast spawners (males release first before the females).  Spawning occurs from spring to late autumn.				
			
			
			
			
			
				Demir, M. 2003 Shells of mollusca collected from the seas of Turkey. Turkey Journal of Zoology 27:101-140. (Ref. 2754)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
				Fisheries: commercial			
			
			
				FAO - Aquaculture: production; Fisheries: landings | FishSource | Sea Around Us			
			
			
			
			
			
Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 7 - 18.6, mean 10.5 (based on 572 cells).			
 
			
			
			
							
					Resilience  				
				
				
					High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=0.27-0.4; tm=3; tmax=15).				
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).					
				
						
							
					
						Climate Vulnerability  					
					
					Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).				
						
			
			
			
				Nutrients  :  Calcium = 126 [75, 177]  mg/100g; Iron = 4.79 [1.67, 7.92]  mg/100g; Protein = 15.9 [14.8, 16.9] %; Omega3 = 0.331 [0.263, 0.400]  g/100g; Selenium = 57.8 [48.5, 67.2]  μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.97 [0.92, 3.02]  mg/100g (wet weight); based on 
nutrient studies.