Aves | 
Charadriiformes | 
Laridae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Others.  Tropical; 33°N -   37°S, 104°E -   12°E			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Ocean.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 39.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 8812); max. published weight: 144.00 g (Ref. 356)			
			
			
							
				
				
					
						Culmen: 3.72 cm; tarsus: 2.5 cm; wing: 23.5 cm.					
				
				
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Total Length:  35 to 39 cm; Wingspan:  66 (Ref. 8812) to 76 cm (Refs.  84934, 91362).  Total population is over 200,000 pairs (Ref. 84934). Coastal to <10 km offshore (Ref. 356).  Found on coastal rock, and over sea (Ref. 83946).  Breeds annually in dense colonies, preferably in bushes and trees in Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Ref. 84934).  They are double-brooded.  When there is danger, alarm calls are given by adults and chicks respond by crouching in place (Ref. 87784).  Highly pelagic. Typically feeds far out at sea in large, gregarious flocks over shoals of predatory fish (Ref. 91362).  Exhibits dipping and surface-seizing foraging behavior (Ref. 356). Feed mainly by dipping, hovering and picking from or just below the surface of the water. Also, shallow-plunging (Ref. 126735).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
				Lusk, M.R., P. Bruner and C. Kessler 2000 The Avifauna of Farallon de Medinilla, Mariana Islands. Journal of Field Ornithology 71(1):22-33. (Ref. 5591)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
							
			
			
				 | FishSource | 			
			
			
			
			
			
Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 Population dynamicsGrowthMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionAbundance   Life cycleReproduction
Maturity
Fecundity
Spawning
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
  PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 24.2 - 29.3, mean 28.2 (based on 2178 cells).			
 
			
			
			
							
					Resilience  				
				
				
					High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=42.36).				
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).					
				
						
						
			
									
						Price category  					
					
					Unknown.