Holothuroidea |
Holothuriida |
Holothuriidae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
礁區魚類; 深度上下限 0 - 10 m (Ref. 122). ; 30°N - 27°S, 32°E - 172°W (Ref. 107065)
Indo-Pacific, excluding Hawaii.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 16 - ? cm Max length : 40.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 418); common length : 22.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 122); 最大體重: 1.5 kg (Ref. 418)
Maximum total length: 35 cm, commonly 22 cm. Mean live weight: 300 g up to 1000 g (Ref. 122);1500 g (Ref. 418). Body-wall thickness: 0.6 cm. Body: oval, arched dorsally (bivium) and flattened ventrally (trivium). Bivium with characteristics wrinkles, covered by sediment when the animal is coming out of the bottom. Bivium with small papillae within black dots, and black podia ending in a disc of around 0.022 cm diameter; podia on trivium arranged irregularly, their calcareous disc around 0.035 cm in diameter. Mouth: ventral, surrounded by a collar of papillae and 20 grey, short and stout tentacles. Anus terminal, surrounded by a circle of 5 groups of radial papillae. Calcareous ring with a large medioventral radial piece. Cuvierian tubules absent. Color: highly variable; bivium whitish to dark brown, occasionally with dark transverse markings; trivium lighter, generally whitish. Spicules: very numerous; ventral tegument with tables and buttons, the tables having a moderately small disc, perforated by a varying number of holes of variable size, the spire with 4 pillars and a cross-like bridge, ending in a spiny crown with a hole in the middle; knobby buttons generally have 6 holes, occasionally more; small rods and denticulate plates also present; tables and buttons in dorsal tegument: tables with a nodose disc, much larger than in ventral tegument; buttons variable, larger, and more perforated than those in ventral tegument; ventral and dorsal podia with long and large spinose rods; tentacles with long spiny rods, small smooth rods, and large denticulate plates (Ref. 122).
Populations can reach high densities up to 1 per square meter. Provides the principal share of the tropical Indo-Pacific production of béche-de-mer and is harvested throughout the area in artisanal fisheries. Collected by hand while wading on the reefs at low tide. The processing method is particular of this species: the sea cucumbers are buried overnight, and the next day the numerous spicules are removed by brushing the tegument. The processed product is of major commercial value and at present highly demanded (Ref. 122). Found in shallow waters, rarely in depths of more than 10 m; mostly on inner reef flats of fringing and lagoon-islets reefs, coastal areas under terrigenous influence, and near mangroves. Burrows in mud and sandy-muddy bottoms (Also Ref. 129602) where the populations can reach high densities up to 1 per square meter (Ref. 122). Found in silty sand, often near low saline areas and frequently on Cymodocea beds, from the intertidal to a depth of 10 m. It buries in sand part of the day but is gregarious in nature (Ref. 118). Also found in intertidal seagrass beds (Refs. 106849, 129602). Benthic detritus feeder; assimilates organic matter from muddy sandy sediments, among other food sources (Ref. 101695).
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Sexual reproduction takes place during warm season. A species with a high potential fecundity and early sexual maturity (Ref. 122).
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Conand, C. 1998. (Ref. 122)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (A2bd); Date assessed: 18 May 2010
CITES狀態 (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
對人類具威脅
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性
| FishSource |
工具
網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 25.8 - 29.3, mean 28.6 (based on 2941 cells).
回復力
高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=0.52).
瀕危性
Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).
價格種類
Unknown.
