Cephalopoda | 
Octopoda | 
Eledonidae | Eledoninae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Benthic; depth range 5 - 500 m (Ref. 96968), usually 60 - 120 m (Ref. 96968).  Subtropical, preferred 18°C (Ref. 107945); 70°N -   30°N, 26°W -   22°E (Ref. 275)			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm 11.1, range 7 -  16.5 cm Max length : 55.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 96968); max. published weight: 1.2 kg (Ref. 275)			
			
			
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Occurs from sand and mud, to broken rock and rocky reefs (Ref. 96968).  Females predominate at depths of 30 to 80 m, males at depths below 100 m (Ref. 275).				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Male spermatangia reach ovary before the release of sperms (Ref. 2569).  Also Ref. 80232.				
			
			
			
			
			
				Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen 1984 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 3. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(3):277p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 275)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
				Fisheries: highly commercial			
			
			
				FAO - Fisheries: landings | FishSource | Sea Around Us			
			
			
			
			
			
Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 6.8 - 14.3, mean 9.7 (based on 658 cells).			
 
			
			
			
			
			
							
					 Prior r = 0.88, 95% CL = 0.58 - 1.33, Based on 1 full stock assessment.				
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100).					
				
						
							
					
						Climate Vulnerability  					
					
					Low vulnerability (22 of 100).				
						
			
			
			
				Nutrients  :  Calcium = 126 [75, 177]  mg/100g; Iron = 4.79 [1.67, 7.92]  mg/100g; Protein = 15.5 [13.7, 17.4] %; Omega3 = 0.414 [0.262, 0.566]  g/100g; Selenium = 57.8 [48.5, 67.2]  μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.97 [0.92, 3.02]  mg/100g (wet weight); based on 
nutrient studies.