Common names from other countries
Classification / Names / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 深度上下限 0 - 150 m (Ref. 4), usually ? - 50 m (Ref. 4). , preferred 12°C (Ref. 107945); 69°N - 29°N, 28°W - 32°E (Ref. 4)
分布
國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | 簡介
Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. Not in east of Crete and in the Baltic Sea.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 8.9, range 8 - 8.3 cm Max length : 65.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 441); common length : 40.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 441); 最大體重: 6.0 kg (Ref. 4); 最大年齡: 72 年 (Ref. 81081)
Common total length: 23 to 50 cm. Occurs on the continental shelf at depths of 0 to 150 m, usually not deeper than 50 m. Found on hard substrates such as rock or hard mud. Nocturnal and territorial living in holes or crevices. Females with eggs are usually found throughout the year. The eggs are laid around July and carried for 10 to 11 months (Ref. 4). Indiscriminate scavengers, omnivorous or carnivorous. Feeds primarily on malacostracan crustaceans, gastropod mollusks, and polychaete annelids; but diet known to include carrion, echinoderms, lamellibranchs and plant matter (Ref. 96319).
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Females with eggs are usually found throughout the year. The eggs are laid around July and carried for 10 to 11 months (Ref. 4). Coupling occurs a few days after the female molts (Ref. 80921).
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Holthuis, L.B. 1991. (Ref. 4)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 05 December 2009
CITES狀態 (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 養殖: 實驗的
FAO - 漁業: landings, 魚種描繪 | FishSource | 周邊海洋
工具
網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 7.7 - 13.3, mean 10.4 (based on 494 cells).
回復力
高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=0.79-1.0; Fec=13,000).
Prior r = 0.37, 95% CL = 0.25 - 0.56, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
瀕危性
Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
