Common names from other countries  
				
							
			
		
		
			
			Cephalopoda | 
Octopoda | 
Eledonidae | Eledoninae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Benthic; depth range 5 - 500 m (Ref. 96968), usually 60 - 120 m (Ref. 96968).  Subtropical, preferred 18°C (Ref. 107945); 70°N -   30°N, 26°W -   22°E (Ref. 275)			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm 11.1, range 7 -  16.5 cm Max length : 55.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 96968); max. published weight: 1.2 kg (Ref. 275)			
			
			
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Occurs from sand and mud, to broken rock and rocky reefs (Ref. 96968).  Females predominate at depths of 30 to 80 m, males at depths below 100 m (Ref. 275).				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Male spermatangia reach ovary before the release of sperms (Ref. 2569).  Also Ref. 80232.				
			
			
			
			
			
				Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen. 1984.  (Ref. 275)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
				Fisheries: highly commercial			
			
			
				FAO - Fisheries: landings | FishSource | Sea Around Us			
			
			
			
			
			
Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 6.8 - 14.3, mean 9.7 (based on 658 cells).			
 
			
			
			
			
			
							
					 Prior r = 0.88, 95% CL = 0.58 - 1.33, Based on 1 full stock assessment.				
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100).					
				
						
							
					
						Climate Vulnerability  					
					
					Low vulnerability (22 of 100).				
						
			
			
			
				Nutrients  :  Calcium = 126 [75, 177]  mg/100g; Iron = 4.79 [1.67, 7.92]  mg/100g; Protein = 15.5 [13.7, 17.4] %; Omega3 = 0.414 [0.262, 0.566]  g/100g; Selenium = 57.8 [48.5, 67.2]  μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.97 [0.92, 3.02]  mg/100g (wet weight); based on 
nutrient studies.