Bivalvia | 
Venerida | 
Veneridae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Benthic; depth range 0 - 5 m (Ref. 101364).  Temperate, preferred 14°C (Ref. 107945); 34°S -   53°S, 68°E -   175°W			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Southwest Pacific and Antarctic Indian Ocean:  New Zealand, Chatham Island and Kerguelen.  Temperate to polar.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm ?, range 2 - ? cm Max length : 4.9 cm SHL male/unsexed; (Ref. 126738); max. reported age: 20 years (Ref. 126742)			
			
			
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Estuarine species.  Lives in near surface sediments (Ref. 121878), in intertidal sandflats (Ref. 101358) and sandy muddy mid-tidal areas (Ref. 101361).  This is a suspension feeder (Refs. 101363, 121878).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
					Members of the class Bivalvia are mostly gonochoric, some are protandric hermaphrodites.  Life cycle:  Embryos develop into free-swimming trocophore larvae, succeeded by the bivalve veliger, resembling a miniature clam.				
			
			
			
			
			
				Spurgeon, A. 2007 New Zealand Mollusca. http://www.mollusca.co.nz/index.php (Ref. 8121)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
				Fisheries: commercial			
			
			
				FAO - Fisheries: landings | FishSource | Sea Around Us			
			
			
			
			
			
Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
							
			
			
			
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).					
				
						
							
					
						Climate Vulnerability  					
					
					High vulnerability (59 of 100).				
						
			
			
			
				Nutrients  :  Calcium = 149 [71, 228]  mg/100g; Iron = 8.53 [1.95, 15.11]  mg/100g; Protein = 9.88 [8.64, 11.12] %; Omega3 = 0.313 [0.202, 0.423]  g/100g; Selenium = 61 [50, 72]  μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 2.04 [0.56, 3.51]  mg/100g (wet weight); based on 
nutrient studies.