Malacostraca | 
Decapoda | 
Penaeidae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / تغييرات عمق / distribution range				
				
					بوم شناسي				
				
			
			
				; لب شور;  تغييرات عمق 0 - 93 m (مرجع 118299).  Subtropical, preferred 24°C (مرجع 107945); 55°N -   20°S, 19°W -   37°E (مرجع 356)			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / سن
			
			
				بلوغ: Lm 4.6, range 3 - ? cm Max length : 18.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (مرجع 434); 23.5 cm TL (female)			
			
			
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Average total length:  11 to 14 cm (male); 13 to 17 cm (female).  Maximum depth from Ref. 114857. Found at depths of 5 to 75 m in bottom muddy sand, marine and estuarine environment (Ref. 8).  Feeds at night on small benthic organism (mollusks, polychaetes, crustaceans and echinoderms; Ref. 434).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
					Members of the order Decapoda are mostly gonochoric.  Mating behavior:  Precopulatory courtship ritual is common (through olfactory and tactile cues); usually indirect sperm transfer.  				
			
			
			
			
				مآخذ اصلی  				
					مراجع | هماهنگ كننده | همكاران
				
			
			
				Holthuis, L.B. 1980 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 1. Shrimps and prawns of the world. An annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(1):271 p. Rome: FAO. (مرجع 8)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN    
						 (مرجع 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				وضعيت از نظر سايتس   (مرجع 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				خطر برای انسان ها  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				استفاده انسانی  
			
			
				ماهي گيري – شيلات: تجاري			
			
			
				FAO - آبزي پروري: production; ماهي گيري – شيلات: landings, نمايه گونه | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Sea Around Us			
			
			
			
			
			
ابزارها
			
			
			
			
				
					اطلاعات بيشتر				
				
					 PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  
			 
			
			
			
				منابع اينترنتي
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 15.2 - 21.6, mean 19 (based on 188 cells).			
 
			
			
			
							
					جهندگی  				
				
				
					زياد, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت ، كمتر از 15 ماه (K=0.47-1.25).				
			
			
							
					 Prior r = 1.07, 95% CL = 0.71 - 1.60, Based on 1 full stock assessment.				
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Low vulnerability (12 of 100).					
				
						
							
					
						Climate Vulnerability  					
					
					Moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).				
						
			
			
			
				Nutrients  :  Calcium = 109 [35, 184]  mg/100g; Iron = 1.59 [1.21, 1.97]  mg/100g; Protein = 20.2 [19.2, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.285 [0.185, 0.386]  g/100g; Selenium = 48.3 [-31.7, 128.3]  μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.79 [1.17, 2.40]  mg/100g (wet weight); based on 
nutrient studies.