| Main Ref. | Jereb, P. and C.F.E. Roper, 2010 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | A cosmopolitan in tropical to subtropical oceanic waters. Mesopelagic to about 500 m and ascends to the surface and epipelagic zone at night. Undertakes diel vertical migrations: off Bermuda, at 250 to 500 m by day and 50 to 250 m at night. Off Hawaii it is a facultative inhabitant of the mesopelagic boundary zone. Preyed upon by large dolphins (e.g. Tursiops truncatus) and pelagic fishes (Ref. 97142). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Benthic: mobile; Pelagic; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen, 1984 |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
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| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Passarella, K.C. and T.L. Hopkins, 1991 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Ruppert, E.E., R.S. Fox and R.D. Barnes, 2004 |
| Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | |||||
| From individual food items | 3.36 | 0.29 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | |||||