Ecology Summary - Phalacrocorax penicillatus
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Ecology of Phalacrocorax penicillatus
 
Main Ref. SAUP Database, 2006
Remarks A coastal species found <50 km offshore which exhibits pursuit diving (Ref. 356).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

Marine - Neritic Marine - Oceanic Brackishwater Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies
  • supra-littoral zone
  • littoral zone
  • sublittoral zone
  • epipelagic
  • mesopelagic
  • epipelagic
  • abyssopelagic
  • hadopelagic
  • estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas
  • mangroves
  • marshes/swamps
  • rivers/streams
  • lakes/ponds
  • caves
  • exclusively in caves
Highighted items on the list are where Phalacrocorax penicillatus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

feeding

Feeding type mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.
Feeding habit hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method original sample unfished population Remark
Troph s.e. Troph s.e.
From diet composition 4.51 0.79 Troph of adults.
From individual food items 4.49 1.06 Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref. Webb, L., 2013
Ref. [ e.g. 3742]
Glossary [ e.g. cnidaria]
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