Ecology Summary - Pennaria disticha
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Ecology of Pennaria disticha
 
Main Ref. Migotto, A.E., A.C. Marques, A.C. Morandini and F.L. da Silveira, 2002
Remarks Distributed world-wide in warm seas (Ref. 3248). Known from tidal inlets, exposed areas of bays, including any ledges at their entrance, sounds, caves, shallow reefs, shallow coastal benthic habitats (< 25 m) (Ref. 86643), and on mangrove roots (Ref. 121478). Also found in Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, in patch reefs, high and low spur and groove zones, sand trough, outer ridge and fore-reef slopes on substrates composed of dead corals and gorgonians at depths of 2 to 18 m. As with other hydroids, this species exhibits a pelagic medusoid stage (Ref. 87156).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

Marine - Neritic Marine - Oceanic Brackishwater Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies
  • supra-littoral zone
  • littoral zone
  • sublittoral zone
  • epipelagic
  • mesopelagic
  • epipelagic
  • abyssopelagic
  • hadopelagic
  • estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas
  • mangroves
  • marshes/swamps
  • rivers/streams
  • lakes/ponds
  • caves
  • exclusively in caves
Highighted items on the list are where Pennaria disticha may be found.

Habitat

Substrate Benthic: sessile; Pelagic; Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rubble;
Substrate Ref. Spracklin, B.W., 1982
Special habitats Coral Reefs: reef slope/drop-offs; reef flats; lagoons; vegetation ( roots/holdfast, );
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref. Migotto, A.E., A.C. Marques, A.C. Morandini and F.L. da Silveira, 2002
Associations colony-forming/symphorism;
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

feeding

Feeding type mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref. DeFelice, R.C., L.G. Eldredge and J.T. Carlton, 2001
Feeding habit selective plankton feeding
Feeding habit Ref. DeFelice, R.C., L.G. Eldredge and J.T. Carlton, 2001

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method original sample unfished population Remark
Troph s.e. Troph s.e.
From diet composition
From individual food items
Ref.
Ref. [ e.g. 3742]
Glossary [ e.g. cnidaria]
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