| อ้างอิงหลัก | SAUP Database, 2006 |
|---|---|
| ข้อสังเกต | Estuarine. Found on beach and shoreline (Ref. 116102). Plunge diver; dipping; coastal (Ref. 356). Low rate of mate retention; 75% of individuals change mates between years; attributed to tendency to change nesting localities annually. Nests solitarily or colonially. Variations in nest site quality and mate quality observed. Shifts breeding location and colony site when environment becomes unstable; as in cases of flooding, a factor reducing site fidelity. Possibly a pollutant-related behavioral response to PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) levels in the North American Great Lakes is lower nest-site tenacity of this species in the area. On the Colombia River, world's largest colony of Caspian Terns were questionably displaced in an attempt to protect hatchery-raised salmon molts on the river (Ref. 87784). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| อ้างอิง | Schreiber, E.A. and J. Burger, 2001 |
|---|---|
| Associations | colony-forming/symphorism; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| วิธีการให้อาหาร | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Karpouzi, V.S., 2005 |
| นิสัยในการกินอาหาร | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Karpouzi, V.S., 2005 |
| Estimation method | ตัวอย่างดั้งเดิม | ประชากรที่ยังไม่มีการทำการประมง | ข้อสังเกต | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| จากส่วนประกอบของอาหาร | 4.44 | 0.79 | Troph of juv./adults. | ||
| จากรายการอาหารของสัตว์แต่ละชนิด | 4.29 | 0.94 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| อ้างอิง | Blaber, S.J.M., D.A. Milton, G.C. Smith and M.J. Farmer, 1995 | ||||