Main Ref. | Lepage, D., 2007 |
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Remarks | Found on beach and shoreline (Ref. 116102). Inhabits lakes and lakeshores. Feeds primarily on fish and minimally on plant material. Breeding pairs highly territorial, employing specific vocalizations and aggressive displays and postures when sensing threat. Copulation takes place on land. The male selects the nest site; egg clutch incubation approx. 27 days with both parents taking turns. Typical brood number, 2; with both parents feeding the young; commonly, only one of the 2 survives probably due to competition for food within the brood (Ref. 95186). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | |
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Feeding type Ref. | |
Feeding habit | variable |
Feeding habit Ref. | Sjölander, S. and G. Ågren, 1976 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.37 | 0.57 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |