Main Ref. | Jereb, P. and C.F.E. Roper, 2010 |
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Remarks | Vertical distribution is mesopelagic to bathypelagic (to 2 000 m) during daytime with nocturnal ascent into epipelagic zone. In the eastern North Atlantic, juveniles are caught from May to September as planktonic vertical migrators. Predators include albatrosses and numerous oceanic fish species, such as tunas, swordfish, dolphin fish, lancetfish, dolphins, toothed whales, including sperm whales and Cuvier’s beaked whales, and Sthenoteuthis squid. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | Judkins, H.L.M., M. Vecchione and C.F.E. Roper, 2009 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Ruppert, E.E., R.S. Fox and R.D. Barnes, 2004 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Ruppert, E.E., R.S. Fox and R.D. Barnes, 2004 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | |||||
Ref. |