Main Ref. | Cairns, S.D., D.R. Calder, A. Brinckmann-Voss, C.B. Castro, D.G. Fautin, P.R. Pugh, C.E. Mills, W.C. Jaap, M.N. Arai, S.H.D. Haddock and D.M. Opresko, 2003 |
---|---|
Remarks | Found in shallow waters on stones and mollusk shells (Ref. 120468). Meroplanktonic (Ref. 120471). Found in coastal boreal and arctic waters (Ref. 64386). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
Substrate | Pelagic; |
---|---|
Substrate Ref. | Orlov, D., 1996 |
Special habitats | Beds: algae/seaweed; rock; |
Special habitats Ref. | Orlov, D., 1996 |
Ref. | Schuchert, P., 2001 |
---|---|
Associations | colony-forming/symphorism; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
---|---|
Feeding type Ref. | Møller, L.F. and H.U. Riisgård, 2007 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Smoot, C.A. and R.R. Hopcroft, 2017 |
Estimation method | original sample | unfished population | Remark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.38 | 0.33 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |